Useful resources
The internet has allowed us new and veteran wildlife enthusiasts to expand our knowledge and identify all our exciting finds. There has been a significant increase in the breadth of identification resources compared to available print resources; even insects and other understudied groups have plenty of resources floating around on the web. Reliable keys and resources can be tricky to locate so here is a list of my favourite resources arranged by taxonomic Order (most of these are insect-orientated!). At the bottom of this list are some places to add your records such as iRecord or your Local Environmental Records Centre (click here to discover yours).
Member organisations (often have citizen science projects and training days)
- The Wildlife Trusts have branches in each local region and run training and work-party days (search for your local Trust branch here).
- BugLife is an invertebrate charity (yes, including worms to jellyfish and earwigs to snails) with lots of ongoing conservation projects and also run training events. They have had lots of conservation successes are excellent at public engagement on social media and at outreach events.
- Amateur Entomologist's Society is a volunteer-run group aiming to 'promote the study to entomology, especially amongst amateurs and the younger generation'. They have several regular publications for members and an Annual Exhibition and Trade Fair (usually at Kempton Park Race Course).
- Field Studies Council is a charity aiming to educate and get people outdoors. They have several field centres across the UK. BioLinks is one of their projects from 2018-2022 for identification and recording of invertebrates. From this project they have an amazing diversity of courses to choose from, resources, and Virtual Meet Ups and Natural History Live online talks. The FSC have great fold-out guides and books for UK wildlife and habitats, e.g., plants, birds, insects, fungi, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, GIS, surveys, marine and freshwater species, lichens
- British Entomological and Natural History Society is another British society and they have options to help identify insects. BENHS also have an annual exhibition in November.
Identification resources
Some are European (don't worry as we share quite a few species across the Channel and Google Translate often automatically translates these pages).
General resources and websites
- iSpot is a great site for identifying any wildlife photos - there are also wildlife keys on iSpot too (freshwater invertebrates, plants, lichens, trees, insects, moss, woodlice, ticks)
- Here is an informative database of non-native species in the UK
- Twitter and Facebook has lots of willing people to help with queries and identifications
- Jeremy Early has some useful information on habitats and photos of species found at each - flora, invertebrates, mammals, birds, and reptiles/amphibians
- Insect and plants are useful to keep as specimens - these are some useful preservation and storage tips
- NatureSpot has galleries for pretty much everything and is the Leicester and Rutland records centre
- Online-keys has a diverse range of keys
- The FSC have a sign posting webpage with a great range of their identification resources
ANIMALS
General invertebrates - non-insects listed later
- A Chaos of Delight is a good resource for soil fauna
- Ed Phillips has some fantastic macro photography images
- Invertebrate photos from Britain
- Freshwater animals from the Netherlands
Insects
- Eakring Birds is great for insect identification
- Steven Falk has an especially great Flickr resource for UK insects - I have listed them below too
- Mike's Insect Key is great for lots of insect groups
- Food plants for insects so you can identify possible species
- The Royal Entomological Society have an archive of their out-of-print handbooks
- A database by BRC of insects and their food plants
Coleoptera (beetles)
- Keys to beetle families: German keys from Kerbtier and Coleonet, UK guides by John Walters (downloadable PDFs), Mike's keys, and Mark Tefler
- Photo guides from Steven Falk and Irish beetles
- Beetle morphology tips and diagrams
- A poject by Dan Asaw to have beetles attracted to light all in one place
- The UK Beetle Recording Scheme has it's own in-house publication (The Coleopterist) and lots of useful ID and other beetle-y resources (see the back issues of The Coleopterist and The Coleopterist's Newsletter). There are also lots of recording schemes within this group and a list of county recorders as well as a list of beetle families
- Here are the RSs and other family relevant resources:
- Aquatic Coleoptera RS (water beetles) and an iSpot key
- Atomariinae RS (and Cryptophagidae)
- Chrysomelidae RS (leaf-and seed-beetles), and gallery of UK Cassida (tortoise beetles)
- Clown Beetles RS (Histeridae and Sphaeritidae)
- Dermestidae RS (hide, larder and carpet beetles)
- Elateroidea RS (click beetles and allies)
- Ground Beetle RS (Carabidae), guide to Palearctic subfamilies, and Irish, French carabids
- Lucanidae (stag beetles)
- Longhorn Beetle RS (Cerambycidae)
- Ptiliidae RS (featherwing beetles)
- Scarabaeoidea RS (dung beetles, chafers, stag beetles and their allies) and chafer larval guide
- Scirtidae RS (marsh beetles)
- Silphidae Recording Scheme (carrion, burying and sexton beetles and relatives)
- Soldier Beetles and Allies RS (Cantharidae (soldier beetles), Drilidae (false fireflies), Lampyridae (glow-worms), and Lycidae (net-winged beetles))
- Staphylinidae RS (rove beetles); Stenini RS for genera Stenus and Dianous)
- Tenebrionoidea RS (darkling beetles)
- UK Ladybird Survey (Coccinellidae) and German, and Irish ladybirds. Links to European adults, pupae, and larvae photos
- Weevil and Bark Beetle RS (Curculionoidea)
Dermaptera (earwigs)
- Photo guide by Steven Falk and NatureSpot
- Earwig identification guide (including stick insects and cockroaches) PDF by Orthoptera and Allies RS
Dictyoptera (cockroaches)
- Steven Falk's photos
- Cockroach identification guide (including stick insects and earwigs) PDF by Orthoptera and Allies RS
Diptera (flies)
- Photo guides by Steven Falk
- Guide to Mediterranean fly families
- The Dipterists Forum has many recording schemes (listed below) and lots of useful resources for fly identification, runs events for identification training, and online help forums from fly identification. Here are the Recording Schemes and relevant other resources:
- Agromyzidae RS (leaf-miners)
- Anthomyiidae Study Notes (root maggots)
- Calliphoridae and Rhiniidae RS (blowflies)
- Chironomidae Study Group (non-biting midges)
- Chloropid Study Group (Chloropidae, frit flies)
- Conopidae, Lonchopteridae and Picture-winged Fly RS (thick-headed and spear-winged flies, and Ulidiidae) and a key to northwestern European conopids and a conopid photo gallery
- Cranefly RS (Tipulidae)
- Dixidae and Thaumaleidae RS (meniscus and trickle midges)
- Empididae, Hybotidae and Dolichopodidae RS (dagger, dance, and long-legged flies) and a key to north Europe long-legged fly genera
- Flat-footed Fly RS (Platypezidae)
- Fungus Gnat RS (Mycetophilidae and Sciaridae)
- Heleomyzid RS (Heleomyzidae, spiny-winged flies)
- Hippoboscidae and Nycteribiidae RS (louse flies or keds)
- Hoverfly RS (Syrphidae) - German hoverflies and UK hoverflies (NatureSpot gallery or Flickr album)
- Kelp Fly RS (Coelopidae)
- Micropezids and Tanypezids RS (stilt and stalk flies)
- Mosquitoes RS (Culicidae, also includes Ceratopogonidae biting midges) and some mosquito adult and larvae information
- Oestridae RS (botflies)
- Pipunculidae Study Group (big-headed flies) and a key to British genera and European Pipunculidae
- Psychopterid craneflies (Psychopteridae) atlas of the UK
- Rhinophoridae RS (woodlouse flies)
- Sarcophagidae RS (flesh flies)
- Scathophagid RS (Scathophagidae, dung flies)
- Sepsid RS (Sepsidae, ensign flies)
- Snail-killing Flies RS (Sciomyzidae)
- Soldierflies and Allies RS (Stratiomyidae and allies; horseflies, Tabanidae (biting tabanids guide); robberflies, Asilidae; snipeflies, Rhagionidae (northwest Europe key); stiletto-flies, Therevidae (northwest Europe key); bee-flies, Bombyliidae; hunchback-flies, Acroceridae; water-snipeflies, Athericidae; windowflies, Scenopinidae; awl-flies, Xylophagidae (Xylophagidae key); and wood-soldierflies, Xylomyidae). Here is a key to the bee-flies of north-west Europe and the UK also has Bee-fly Watch to record the first appearances of bee-flies in spring
- Tachinid RS (Tachinidae) and various European tachinid keys (and genera key), and morphological diagrams
- Tephritid Flies RS (Tephritidae, fruit flies)
Hemiptera (true bugs)
- NatureSpot gallery of Hemiptera species
- Heteroptera
- British Bugs website has information for recording bugs, identification tips, photos, and useful links
- Gallery of German Heteroptera families
- Photo gallery of European bugs, German Heteroptera, Slovenian Heteroptera, and Steven Falk's collection of Heteroptera
- Danish photo albums of Miridae
- Homoptera (grouping is now redundant but still useful)
- The Auchenorrhyncha RS includes recording and information on the leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), planthoppers (Delphacidae, Cixiidae, Tettigometridae and Issidae), froghoppers (Aphrophoridae and Cercopidae), treehoppers (Membracidae) and cicadas (Cicadidae)
- Homoptera photos by Steven Falk
- Information on aphids and their host plants
- Leafhopper website with keys and taxa search
Hymenoptera - my favourites, especially the cuddly fluff balls
- General Hymenoptera
- The Bees, Wasps, and Ants Recording Society (BWARS) has useful downloadable resources, ID resources, and information sheets
- Steven Falk's and NatureSpot photos
- Atlas Hymenoptera with quick links for genera and Mike's Insect Key for Hymenoptera
- Bees (Apoidea)
- An online key to the European bee genera filters results using bee characteristics (some need microscopic characters and bee specimens)
- Steven Falk's bee collection
- BWARS have uploaded PDF of the Bees of Britain for free!
- Bees of the Netherlands, Germany and Romania
- Bumblebee Conservation Trust is a Trust to conserve bees and BeeWalk runs to monitor bumblebee abundance and distributions with regular transects carried out by volunteers
- Apidae (bumblebees and honeybees) Flickr collection,
- Bumblebees: Bumblebees of Warwickshire, and the NHM 'Bombus' project (global bumblebees) and UK key based on hair colour
- Solitary bees
- Apoidea continued with non-bees
- Sphecid wasps (digger wasps)
- Crabronidae photos by Steven Falk
- Ants (Formicidae)
- antARK and AntWeb introduces ants and has species fact files
- Steven Falk's ant collection
- Highland Biological Recording Group's Scottish ant atlas
- Sawflies (Symphyta)
- Sawfly identification can be a bit dodgy online but these are some verfied websites for identification and have useful identification resources such as The Sawflies of Britain and Ireland
- Adults
- Photos of adults by The Sawflies website
- Flickr by John Grearson, Andrew Greens, Steven Falk
- Larvae
- Flickr group for sawfly larvae (similar to caterpillars of moths and butterflies), and larval photos from The Sawflies of Britain and Ireland
- Balmer's Symphyta album, and
- NatureSpot sawflies gallery
- Wasps
- General wasps: Ian Tew's Flickr with albums for Crabronid, Sphecid, Vespid, Pompilid, Mutillid, Sapygid identifiation and Tiphiid identification
- Parasitica (Ichneumonidea and Chalcidoidea resources)
- Braconidae Flickr album
- NHM Chalcidoidea project with a database of species, key to families, and list of key characteristics and here is an introduction to Chalcid morphology
- Ichneumonidae Flickr album, and useful notes on Ichneumon subfamilies, and Ophioninae
- Chrysidoidea
- Chrysididae (cuckoo wasps) from Chrysis.net and Steven Falk's Chrysididae albums
- Vespoidea
- Pomipilidae (spider-hunting wasps) albums
- Mutilidae (velevet ants) albums - very similar but ants and only males have wings
- Sapygidae wasps photos
- Scoliidae wasps
- Tiphiidae wasps
- Vespidae social wasp identification, Steven Falk's albums and foreign Vespidae by him, and a key to separate between social wasps and hornets
- Eumeninae (potter and mason wasps) key to British Eumeninae and Falk's photos
Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)
- General Lepidoptera
- Butterfly Conservation (BC) is a charity for conserving moths and butterflies who run conservation projects and own several reserves across the UK. As with many of these charities, they are keen to educate and enthuse us about these lovely insects! UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme and Big Butterfly Count are projects they run with volunteers
- NHM searchable Lepidoptera database with photos
- Steven Falk's Lepidoptera collection
- Natural History Museum's Lepidoptera hostplant database (searchable for caterpillar diets, for example have you spied caterpillars on a plant you know but never been able to identify them?)
- Different life-stages to identify UK Lepidoptera (eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults)
- Photo galleries of British Lepidoptera (divided by family) and Irish species here and here, and North Africa and Europe
- NatureSpot caterpillar gallery
- Moths - most local regions have a local mothing group and website
- Butterfly Conservation have an A-Z of moths, and identification of difficult moths, and a moth tool
- Sussex Butterfly Conservation Guide to Mothing
- What's Flying Tonight shows the most likely moths in your area
- Moth trapping information
- The Garden Moth Scheme
- UK Moths have a photo guide to species
- German moth photos and species lists
- NatureSpot moth gallery
- Micromoths
- Micromoth database for the Netherlands (lots overlap, same as the German beetle guide)
- Gelechiid Recording Scheme
- Micromoths of the Netherlands
- British leaf-miners
- Tortricidae guide
- Micromoth larvae identification - usually from mines, galls, and other clues on plants
- Butterflies
- NHBS UK butterfly identification guide
- iSpot guide for common garden butterflies
- Flickr albums for butterfly eggs, larvae and pupae, and adults
- NatureSpot butterfly gallery
Neuroptera, Mecoptera, and Megaloptera (lacewings, scorpionflies, alderflies)
- Flickr account of Belgian Neuroptera species
- NatureSpot lacewing and scorpionfly gallery
Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies)
- Steven Falk's Odonata collection
- The British Dragonfly Society and their species checklist - they have a useful identification page filtered by damsels or dragons, month, colour, habitat to narrow down to most likely species
- iSpot key to Odonata
- Irish Odonata species and photo gallery
- Dutch Odonata
- Dorset dragonflies and damselflies
Orthoptera (grasshoppers, bush-crickets, and crickets)
- Steven Falk's albums of Orthoptera
- Orthoptera and Allies Recording Scheme and species accounts
- European species of grasshopper and crickets
- NatureSpot gallery of Orthoptera
- Zipped files of Orthoptera song
- Allies of Orthoptera identification guide (earwigs, stick insects, and cockroaches)
- Guide to bush-crickets, grasshoppers, and groundhoppers
Psycoptera (barkflies)
- Barkfly RS on BRC
- NatureSpot gallery of barklice and booklice
Thysanoptera (always thrips, never a thrip!)
- British Thrips Key (will need a microscope for these little insects!)
- Thrips NatureSpot gallery
Riverflies (Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Trichoptera (caddisflies), and Plecoptera (stoneflies))
- Riverfly Recording Scheme includes EPT
- Mayfly NatureSpot gallery
- Stonefly NatureSpot gallery
- Caddisfly NatureSpot gallery
Other invertebrates
Annelida (worms)
- iSpot guide to common earthworms and for expert worm identifiers
- NatureSpot for earthworms, leeches, and flat-worms - leech guide here
Arachnida (spiders and other eight-legged creatures, not octopus or squid though!)
- The British Arachnological Society and the Spider and Harvestman RS has some useful identification resources and their experts are quick to help with enquiries and an A-Z species list
- Acari (mites)
- Araneae (spiders)
- Tanyptera Trust spider field identification and the FSC spider videos are good starting places for families and some common and easily identifiable species
- UK spider Facebook group for identification
- Spiders of Belgium and France
- European spiders identification and Greenland spider species
- Spi-pots are useful to have a good look at spiders too and easy to make
- Irish spiders gallery and Steven Falk's spider Flickr
- The World Spider Catalogue is great for ID and finding keys and resources if you make a free account
- Opiliones (harvestmen)
- Irish harvestmen photos
- Steven Falk's harvestmen albums
- Guide to UK and European harvestmen
- Nottingham harvestmen species
- Pseudoscorpiones (pseudoscorpions)
- UK checklist of pseudoscorpions and distribution map links
- European harvestmen species
Woodlice
- British Isopod and Myriapod Group
- Key to woodlice
- Netherlands isopod species
- NatureSpot woodlice gallery
Archaeognatha
- UK bristletail species
- NatureSport springtail and bristletail, and silverfish galleries
- Collembola (springtails)
- Springtail keys and information website
- European springtails key
- Ed Philips' springtail photo galleries - he has some other good photos links too
Gastropods (slugs and snails)
- The Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland and their identification guides
- Encyclopaedia of mollusc morphology and terms
- Irish gastropod species photos
- NatureSpot gallery of slugs and snails
- Slugs
- Snails
- Key to Vertiginidae snails
- Key to brackish and freshwater snails
- Irish snail species photos
- Key to snails in Bristol
Myriapoda (Diplopoda and Chilopoda, millipedes and centipedes)
Vertebrates
Birds
- The RSPB Bird Identifier Tool has filtering questions to identify birds by habitat, size, colour of feathers and legs, behaviour, and beak shape
- NatureSpot bird gallery
- BTO bird facts and species fact files and guides for identification by bird group
- Bird song guides - xeno-canto, RSPB song tool, British Bird Song Website (including territorial, mating, juvenile, and alarm calls)
Herpetofauna (reptiles and amphibians)
- Herpetofauna of the UK guides
- Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Trust
- Reptile and amphibian habitat information
- Reptile
- Reptile guide by ARC
- NatureSpot reptile gallery
- Steven Falk reptile photos
- Amphibian
Mammals
- NHBS small mammals guide
- Steven Falk's mammals
- NatureSpot mammal photos
- Bats - most areas have a local bat group you can join
- Bats of Britain species factfiles
- Warwickshire bat group has good identification for visual and auditory bat signs
- The Bat Conservation Trust has some good identification resources
PLANTS and FUNGI
Plants
- General plants
- This plant identification app is great: take a photo of the different features and it will suggest some possible species
- Online Atlas of British and Irish Flora is searchable by common or scientific name
- Botanical Society Newsletters
- PlantLife have some useful Spotter Sheets for common species of different months or habitats (they also have a fungi one)
- The Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland have loads of crib sheets for species, species accounts, and an online key
- Irish flora species list and information with photos
- Photo guide to flora and British plants
- Trees
- Grasses, rushes, and sedges
- Bryophytes
- Mosses and liverworts of gardens and towns part one and part two
- Handbook of European Spahgna (bog mosses)
- The British Bryological Society website and their beginner's guide to bryophytes
- Ferns
- Plant growth defects and alterations
- Galls, mines, and fungi page
- Galls (mostly insects)
- British Gall Society and gallery
- Discussion on gall wasps - see notes for identifying Hymenoptera (beetles, flies, and Lepidoptera larvae can form galls too)
- Flickr gall group with photos
- Photo gallery of galls from Hainault Forest
- Robin's pincushion gall insects guide
- Oak galls guide and oak galling insects
- NatureSpot gall gallery
- Leaf mines
- Leaf mines, especially from Lepidopteran larvae
- Leaf and stem mines (flies and other insects)
Fungi
Recording
Once you have identified your find, biological recording is important. Your records can be used in several ways; to keep a record or map where you have found wildlife; or scientifically. Citizen science (see below) and other projects can also use your data to map changes in species distributions and populations. For example, invasive species like Rhododendron ponticum, or declining native species.
- iRecord is a great way to record your finds in the UK but more specific Recording Schemes exist too and are listed in the identification links below
- NBN Atlas allows you to see species distributions in the UK, and NBN Atlas has some recording tools and resources
- GBIF is a sort of equivalent to NBN for global species distribution records and data can be downloaded here
- I use UK Grid Reference Finder to translate between Latitude-Longitude, UK Grid References, Eastings-Northings, and What3Words
- I use the OS Locate to record GPS for my findings when I am in the field - some phone cameras or digital cameras have GPS you could enable too
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